An Investigation of the Gender Gap of Boys Underachieving...

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender gap, especially of boys’ underachievement in literacy, and discover if there are particular strategies that schools can implement in order to raise the attainment levels of boys. As the issue of the gender gap is so wide I selected literature to review which covered a wide range of theorists and existing studies. Specifically I wanted to identify some of the suggested causes for the underachievement of boys and any already proposed effective strategies which I could execute in my own study. The data I collected from the study was both qualitative and quantitative in order to give a more valid outcome; these included an open-ended, semi-structured interview, which I†¦show more content†¦Regardless of Gorard’s (2001) analysis, there are many who still feel that the performance gap is a concern. In 1993 the Ofsted report offered some insight into differing perspectives and explanations for boys’ und erachievement, including the lack of male literacy role models, classroom strategies, curriculum literacy content, perceptions of behaviour, social class and ethnicity (cited in Bearne, 2004). Solsken (1995, cited in Bearne, 2004) added to this list claiming that literacy is associated more with females and femininity and believes that this possibly has a negative effect on boys and their attitudes towards reading. Solken’s (1995) argument links very closely with Watson et al.(2007) who proposed that popular explanations often focus on boys’ ‘biological make-up’. They claim that evidence shows that ‘hegemonic masculinity is central to ... the struggles boys face as literacy learners’ (Watson et al. 2010: 357). Rowan et al (2002) also believes that ‘boys are biologically different to girls and that this biologically difference is the cause of behavioural differences’ (Rowan et al. 2002, cited in Watson et al. 2010:357). He belie ves that due to these biological differences, boys and girls are defined by inherent masculinity and femininity characteristics and in order for educational success this must be acknowledged and accommodated for. This is an important assertion to consider forShow MoreRelatedTackling Gender Underachievement in Literacy and Numeracy Essay2036 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction In recent years there has been much research into gender learning issues and the apparent learning disparity between boys and girls. Such research has included investigations into boys underachievement in literacy and girls underachievement in mathematics. The aim of such research is to recognise key reasons why such trends are occurring and perhaps more importantly, to address these within the classroom. Since the introduction of the National Curriculum, national testing Read MoreA Critical Review of a Senco Essay4380 Words   |  18 Pagesturn, compromises the ability to learn the grapheme–phoneme mappings that underpin competence in an alphabetic system†. Snowling et al’s (2011) research underpins the classic definition of dyslexia that it is a specific reading difficulty whereby literacy under achievement is apparent and falls below the accepted level given the intelligence of the learner. This study is important: it goes beyond recounting dyslexia at the behavioural level (i.e. incorrect spelling and reading) to taking into consideration

Nature of Accounting and the Accounting Standard Free Essays

Nature of Accounting and the Accounting Standard Background Accounting is an important part for business and it is dubbed â€Å"language† of business activities conducted by firms. People think it is used to communicate business transactions per se to all stakeholders. However, some people argue that the functions of accounting are not that easy. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of Accounting and the Accounting Standard or any similar topic only for you Order Now Except the communication tool, accounting acts as many other difference roles in business. When doing accounting, different standard may be used. There are many issues about accounting standard nowadays. To getting a subjective view of accounting, it is necessary to understand how accounting is worked. This essay will analyze the application of accounting in the various situations to reach a conclusion. It will give some perspective for accounting also. Firm as an accounting object As we know, accounting was widely used in the firm. In accounting, firm means some business entity aiming at earning economic profit. In general, there are three types of firms: proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Firms are classified by the types of ownership, limitation of liability and so on. According to Scott Besley (2007), a proprietorship and partnership is an unincorporated business. Proprietorship firm owned by one individual while partnership owned by two or more people. A corporation is â€Å"a legal entity by a state†. The owners and managers may not be the same person. Corporation have unlimited life and enjoin limited liability. Owners have no responsibility for liabilities of the corporation. However, for proprietorship and partnership, owners must payback all liability of creditor. Although there are various classifications for firm, its object is quite same. The general object of a commerce firm is earning profit. However, firms cannot just focus on the financial income. There are many other aspects must consider. The firm which is just care about financial achievement will suffer form ethic dilemma. Dobson (1997) defined the behavior that firm just consider about self-interest individualistic and opportunistic as â€Å"finance paradigm†. He criticized that it would cause another lost for people. To be an ethic firm, it should select object carefully to maximize the benefit for all relevant people. Rather than running business individually, people do commerce via firm. Firms exist because it can provide a more efficiency operation environment for people. However, even if firms can offer a better way for people doing business, we shouldn’t ignore the troubles arising from it. Accounting and transaction Transaction plays a special role in firm’s daily operation. In general meaning, transaction is exchange of goods or services between entities, as well as other events that have an economic impact on a business. It is a business’s economic record by accounting (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2011). It should be clarify that not all events generated in business process can be record. Accounting must considers about what transaction should record and how it is record. There are two major assumptions about whether transaction should be record. The first one is monetary unit assumption. In accounting, we just record the transaction data which can be express in money term (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2011). Another assumption is economic entity assumption. Accountant must just account the transaction relevant to certain firm. The active of its owner or other economic entity should not be record in the firm’s account (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2011). In addition, such action must affect the component of accounting equation dually. That means it should affect assts, liability or equity. Measurement method in accounting As it mentioned before, the major object of account is identify, record and communicate the transaction. In real life, the environment for accounting is changing continuously. So, accountant should know how to record and measure transaction properly. To facing price changing, there are two major approaches to record and measure transaction: historical cost principle and fair value principle. When using historical cost principle, companies record assets as its cost (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2011). That means if the value of goods in such transaction is changing, it will keep the original record of such goods. However, we should update the record of assets value according to the market price in fair value principle. When managers decide which standard should be used, there are various factors need to be consider. Inflation is necessary for measurement method decision. Alhashim Arpan (1992) claimed that when price is stable, the historical cost principle could provide an objective view for company’s performance. Managers may prefer this method to measure transaction. However, study also show that when it is high inflation, using historical cost principle will provide some useless information. If the price is changing frequently, the historical cost principle will not suitable. For example, in British, because it was suffer from high inflation rate in the history, the accounting standard in this country select fair-value principle. (Alhashim Arpan, 1992) Cost measurement is an important part in accounting. Since the component of cost for business is complex, it will select material cost for example. There are two common principles for material cost evaluation. One is average value method, another is FIFO method. Company’s objective should be considered when choosing those approaches of cost measurement. When using average cost method, company’s income statement will show lower income so that company will enjoin lower tax. However, when firm choosing FIFO method, they will pay higher tax because of the high income present by income statement. When company wants to reduce tax cost, they may choose average cost method. Otherwise, they will choose FIFO method to attract investment by showing well performance. Except form pervious example discussed, there are many other factors could affect the measurement method. For example, David Solomons (1970) think that feasibility like objective, low cost of implementation and ease of understanding for users will affect the judgment for measurement method. In different condition, managers will choose different principle. So, it is difficult to say which principle is better. Conclusion By analyze relevant item of accounting, the perspective of accounting is more clearly now. Transaction is a vital component of accounting and there are various principles about it. However, accounting is related to other aspects also. Merely defined accounting as analyzing transaction per se is not false but not objectively. Communication is also a vital part of account. It is properly to descript accounting as a â€Å"language† of business. As mention before, there are many communicating methods and standards for accounting. Different regions may have different accounting â€Å"language† (Alhashim Arpan, 1992). It is a challenge for current international company. To solve this problem, it is necessary to build and spread a unified standard for international accounting right now. Reference Alhashim, D. D. , Arpan, J. S. (1992). International dimensions of accounting. Boston: PWS-KENT publishing company. Dobson, J. (1997). Finance ethics: the rationality of virtue. Cummor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ, England: Lanham [u. a. ] : Rowman Littlefield. Scott Besley, E. F. (2007). Essentials of Managerial Finance. Natorp Boulevasr, Mason OH: South Westren College. Solomons, D. (1970). Assets valuation and income determination: appraising the alternative. In R. R. Sterling, Assets valuation and income determination (p. 105). 4431 Mt. Vernon, Houston, Texas: Scholar Book Co. Weygandt, J. J. , Kimmel, P. D. , Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial Accounting. USA: John Wiley Sons, Inc. How to cite Nature of Accounting and the Accounting Standard, Essay examples

The Bible Among the Myths Essay Sample free essay sample

John N. Oswalt has long thought about the issue at manus sing the bible and it’s relation. if any. to the survey of myths. Get downing foremost in a class at Asbury Theological Seminary and germinating subsequently through surveies about the Mediterranean at Brandeis University. Oswalt has intently studied the subject and cultural impact over a important period of clip. This knowing period of survey has lead Oswalt to the place posed through this book ; â€Å"is the faith of the Old Testament basically similar to. or basically different from. the faith of its neighbours? † In peculiar within the modern-day survey of both history and myth. does the Bible tantrum within a peculiar definition? The book will seek to clear up the distinguishable difference of the Bible and myth in respects to the nature of deity and measure the impact mythology has on such an apprehension. Additionally the inquiry will be posed as to the historical truth of Old Testament Hagiographas and whether such an apprehension is a necessity for Christians today. Particularly Oswalt will seek to find whether our historical point of view of Scripture has an inseparable impact on our theological apprehension of it. While Oswalt concedes that his point of view presented within this book is non unequivocal and all embracing the statement is for the Bible to find the get downing topographic point of such an probe. Basically. that. the Bible is rather capable of replying many of it’s ain inquiries and grounds that supports the Bible’s claim to hold been brought about through disclosure be given the attending in which it deserves. In contrast. Oswalt argues that the cardinal incredulity to even such a possibility should hold no topographic point within the very treatment. The Bible and Myth: The Bible in its World Diving in. the first chapter presents a treatment sing the very nature of the Bible and it’s impact upon the universe. peculiarly within the manner we view world. It begins to look into the Bible’s impact. along with the impact of the Greek and Hebrew people. on Western worldviews. In respects to the Greek influence. their type of thought had a important impact upon society. In peculiar there are three primary parts are believed to be: 1 ) the belief in a â€Å"universe† alternatively of a â€Å"polyverse. † 2 ) the thought of simple cause and consequence. and 3 ) non-contradiction. In add-on the Hebrew people played as important a function through their impact on the worldview. Their foundational monotheistic belief so leaves a permanent impact but their other foundational constructs of God did to. The fact that God served a primary function in creative activity. that He exists apart from the creative activity. made himself known to people. made his desir es known to people. and that He rewards our punishes people for following or disobeying his will besides served to go forth a permanent impact. Through the combination of their varying attacks. the Greeks’ rational thought merged with the monotheism of the Hebrew people. along with the Greek belief in the jurisprudence of non-contradiction merged with the Hebrew belief in God being separate and distinguishable from creative activity. are foundational to our modern-day worldview and the statement of logic presented by Oswalt. It is in this statement that Oswalt presents adult male. in add-on to things like scientific discipline and logic. to be suicidal without the surpassing function of God. The Bible and Myth: A Problem of Definition It’s in the 2nd chapter that Oswalt begins to specify a foundational term to the apprehension of nature of his statement. and that is a definition of myth. While he attempts to happen suited replacings for the word along with a definition that best embodies the footings complexnesss. he must foremost revisit the trip by the academic community in respects to the distinction of the Bible from other Hagiographas. civilizations. or faiths of it’s clip. It is through this that he seeks to suitably sort the Bible and get down to turn to whether the Bible should be considered a myth or non. The trouble in such a undertaking is the legion definitions. for the term myth. presented by modern-day bookmans. In an attempt to outdo sum up the term Oswalt provides a sampling of each definition and an account of their insufficiencies. In sum-up of his sum-up we are presented with a few groups of definitions. one of which being in the class of historical-philosophical. In this class we are presented with the etymological definition. sociological-theological definition. and the literary definition. While each definition is alone. they all subscribe to the doctrine of continuity. which assumes that everything is non merely related but they are literally one in the same in some signifier or manner. As Oswalt put it is like a individual being â€Å"one with the tree. † With this doctrine. the person is non merely metaphorically â€Å"one† with the tree. but they are fundamentally a portion of the tree’s spirit and frailty versa. Continuity: The Basis of Mythical Thinking The 3rd chapter is best summarized by its rubric as it focuses chiefly on continuity. It is here where Oswalt farther explains what he briefly touches at the terminal of the 2nd chapter. the shared kernel of continuity among myths. The manner of thought in continuity positions all things as portion of each other in some manner. It leans on an apprehension that the three major forces ; the Godhead. nature. humanity. all exist on the same continuum. It is with this position that we see an extended range within the worldview. One of these effects mentioned is the prominence of detecting nature for marks. whether is an attempt to explicate inundations. fires. conditions or so on. Another consequence is the supposed usage of thaumaturgy to impact the universe around us. Additionally the arrested development on birthrate and gender that has overtaken people’s lives today is a ground for its consequence on continuity. In decision Oswalt summarizes what he feels are factors of specify ing a myth and seeks to eventually chase away many of the misconceptions sing myths. Oswalt presents myths as holding a shared belief in polytheism. utilize icons that interact with the Godhead and nature. and low intrinsic value placed on humanity itself ( as a consequence of holding no criterion of moralss ) . Additionally the Gods themselves are perceived as lowly. imperfect existences and the histories of creative activity normally involve a major struggle that brings it about. Transcendence: Footing of Biblical Thinking This concluding chapter in the first part of Oswalt’s book seeks to rectify the relationship between the scriptural worldview. which remains to be presented. and the humanistic worldview presented in the first three chapters. This is where we are presented with the term. transcendency. and the function God has played with creative activity in supernatural ways. Transcendence stands out from all modern-day belief systems for legion grounds. First and perchance the most obvious is the belief of monotheism. which sets it apart from all other faiths. Excluding Judaism. Christianity. and Islam who all derive from the bible about all other faiths are polytheistic. Additionally. alone to these faiths is the belief that God pre-existed. Meaning that nil existed before God and therefore everything is subservient to God. The concluding primary ground is the self-respect provided humanity through each narrative. Unlike many myths the Biblical narrative of humanity provides value and significance to their creative activity and being. Extra features that set Oswalt’s scriptural worldview apart from all others is the belief that God is supra-sexual. prohibits the pattern of thaumaturgy. and the being of an ethical codification by which humanity must obey. Many would hold transcendency to be a cardinal rule among those of scriptural idea. one that can non be replaced with mere believing that philosophical integrity would hold been imposed upon the Bible subsequently in it’s old ages. Oswalt wants to be clear that the very impression of invalidating transcendency for philosophical integrity is merely excessively luxuriant of a strategy that is excessively extremely unlikely. The Bible versus Myth The 2nd part of Oswalt’s book trades with the concern of history in this treatment. In peculiar this part seeks to manage the significance of what it means if the Bible is deemed historical or non. Oswalt looks to the changing ways in which ancient non-biblical texts documented information. in peculiar portents. lands. day of the month preparation. royal archives and records. However ; before traveling frontward to that point a important country of treatment within the construct of myths must be treatment. This concluding chapter in subdivision one focuses chiefly on the function in which moralss dramas in this treatment. The chapter divides these moralss into two different sets ; one set of moralss trades specifically with how people interacted with one another and the other with how people interacted with divinities. It is here country that the Bible stands clearly above other paperss of their clip. Oswalt notes there are several features that attribute to such a statement and include that these literatures are defined specifically by God and God entirely. that the codification of moralss he set signifier is applied universally to all humanity. and that when an expostulation by one adult male is held against another adult male it is finally a evildoing towards God himself. Oswalt is besides speedy to turn to the similarities between changing people groups that may be deemed important to the argument. While these countries of similarities. like pattern. look. and thought form. are shared they are likely merely incidental and non relevant to the individuality of these people groups. For illustration. many of the Psalms may portion common overtones of the typical looks found in civilizations around Israel but this is a consequences more so of Israel to the full take parting in the universe than it is Israel being indistinguishable to the universe around it. The Bible and History: A Problem of Definition This chapter may be best summarized by Oswalt’s opening sentence stating â€Å"†¦perhaps the cardinal differentiation. between myth and the Bible is that whereas the myths are based in the interrelatednesss among the Gods in aboriginal clip and infinite. the Old Testament about wholly avoids such a footing. † It is with that in head that he continues on to analyse several different sorts of ancient Hagiographas that have given bookmans an penetration into the lives of those during ancient times. These assorted signifiers of non-biblical Hagiographas include but are non limited to the portents. lands. day of the month preparation. royal archives and records antecedently mentioned. Numerous types of non-biblical Hagiographas by and large do non run into the criterion of history due to their usage of hyperboles. an accent on the person over the group. and several other grounds. Many ancient people failed to even use historic Hagiographas. Oswalt seeks to suggest an ap prehension for this in observing they did non see any importance in entering such information for the benefit of others. Additionally these people groups were non concerned with historic composing due to their self-involved point of view. It is of import to observe ; nevertheless. that the Bible is improbably alone in how it handles similar historical events. These records frequently dealt with persons as existent. imperfect people. The prominence given to human relationships besides holds the Bible unique in its representation of history. Is the Bible truly Historical: The Problem of History After specifying the nature of historiography and the position the scriptural worldview has on the Bibles footing for echt historic authorship. chapter seven seeks to cover with the difference between scriptural and historical fluctuations. In peculiar the Bible does non use thorough accounting of events while godly causing is really much prevalent. the really standard by which advancement is judged is measured through the Godhead. and the authorship manner is often anecdotal versus analytical. Oswalt uses these fluctuations to turn to some of the frequent issues that are held against the Bible in respects to its historical truth. In peculiar he seeks to concentrate on the constructs of disclosure. supernatural events. and an in depth expression at whether Israel was clearly different from other people groups in these countries. The chapter overall seeks to explicate how God’s supernatural disclosure of himself to humanity at the clip could do the Hebrewss to vouch that they w ould be cautious in verifying their Hagiographas for Godhead truths. Oswalt continues on to do the point that the Bible was non written to be an eyewitness history of events in most occurrences but alternatively to document the Godhead disclosure and construe the human-historical experience’s significance. Does it count whether the Bible is historical? As a continuance of the 7th chapter. and picking up on a treatment already started earlier in the book. we are presented here with the importance of understanding that the Bible is so a historically accurate papers. Oswalt wants to foreground the demand to acknowledge the whole Bible as historical. peculiarly when looking at the Pentateuch. books of poesy. and the Prophets. The writers are focused at depicting persons and detailing their relationships with others while seeking non to concentrate on their defects. Such a point of view can non be held without slightly changing the assorted point of views of history and that’s precisely what Oswalt does. He seeks to notate both the narrative ( or the Grecian word Geshichte ) and the existent events ( or the Grecian word Historie ) . It is through all of this that we can find both divinity and history are inseparable. as theological beliefs have stemmed from the historical events within the Bible. This can be seen in Oswalt’s illustration using Paul’s missive to the Corinthians ( 1 Cor. 15:13-17 ) . which presents the thought. an persons religion can non be unless there is a complete historical belief in the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. When posed with inquiries sing the cogency of divinity if the Bible is historically in accurate Oswalts response is profound. â€Å"There is an internal logic out of which the divinity grows. a premiss on which it is based that is every bit indispensable to it as the decision. † God’s disclosure. his really interrupting into our clip and infinite. presents a foundational displacement within this treatment that recognizes both the historical events and the theological reading of them. It is this that sets the scriptural worldview and all other historic or literary worldviews in immensely different classs. Beginnings of the Biblical Worldview Oswalt’s following to last chapter seeks to undertake a assortment of alternate positions associating to the scriptural narration. The first position that he tackles is that of John Van Seters who affirms that Judaic priests at some point after the Babylonian expatriate had in some manner altered the Biblical text. Van Seters besides argues that the cultural and historic involvements of Israel arose of course from the dirts of those around them. The 2nd position is from Frank Cross who challenges that the Bible at some point was merely an heroic poem verse form and throughout history has been changed into the current province it is. peculiarly the Old Testament. The 3rd position comes from William Dever who believed that the state of Israel had a belief system about indistinguishable to their neighbours the Canaanites and Christian bookmans have purposefully overlooked these facts in order to show a better. yet inaccurate. image of ancient Israel. Unfortunately his thesis is founded on a general trust for other historiographers at the clip who had no motive to stand for the world of Yahweh. And eventually. Oswalt looks at Mark Smith who argues that the beliefs of the state of Israel originated out of the polytheistic beliefs of the Canaanites. Smith’s statements ; nevertheless. do non offer account for the legion inquiries raised sing the manner in which Yahwism of the Bible arose out of such distant. polytheistic faiths. In all. the chapter raises the inquiry as to whether modern-day bookmans have provided a convincing account for the legion alone characteristics presented within the scriptural worldview. Additionally how do they explicate the ways in which the scriptural worldview alters the apprehension of world in respects to the Bible? The chapter is neither thorough nor unequivocal but it clearly attempts to promote scriptural worldview and account as the most clear and practical. Decision Oswalt so utilizes the decision of his book to reemphasis the primary points from each old chapter. Overall he seeks to do clear the overarching subject that the contrast between non-biblical and scriptural positions of world. history. and myth are so rather extended and differing. In peculiar the scriptural position is grounded in the thought of transcendency or godly disclosure while the non-biblical position is founded on the construct of continuity. His thesis on which the full piece is centered is clearly laid out. that being â€Å"that in comparing to the other literatures of the antediluvian Near East. the Bible is characterized by a worldview that is aggressively different from all the remainder. † Without admiting this aggressively different worldview we fail to acknowledge the mode of representation of one’s apprehensions of life and peculiarly the cardinal importance of cognizing God non found in any other literature. These apprehensions and treatment ballads land to a deeper acknowledgment of who God is and the apprehensible actions or impact he has made through such disclosure. As Oswalt puts it. â€Å"the inquiry of what God’s will is and how he has chosen to uncover it becomes one of perfectly ultimate significance. † Mentions: [ 1 ] . John N. Oswalt. The Bible Among the Myths: Unique Revelation or Just Ancient Literature? ( Grand Rapids. Mich. : Zondervan. 2009 ) . 14. [ 2 ] .

Justice Whats the Right Thing to Do

Introduction â€Å"Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?† is a book that discusses the theory of justice and the diverse ways in which it is perceived by different people in the society. The author, Michael Sandel, tries to force the reader to look into the circumstances that happen in real life and allows them to make the decisions on the right thing to do.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sandel pushes his readers into tracking their personal moral obligations by laying a series of challenges based on everyday situations, which help them make the best resolutions on the right actions to take. In this essay, the first five chapters of the book are reviewed based on the main concepts. Chapter review In Chapter 1, titled â€Å"doing the right thing†, three cases are presented. Case one concern the laws prohibiting g auging of prices. Precisely, it refers to the price changes that came into effect subsequent to the Florida’s Hurricane Charley. As clarified by Sandel, the arguments in support to and in contrast to price-gauging laws are based on three concepts: well-being, liberty and virtue. He then discusses about who is eligible for the â€Å"Purple Heart†. In determining this, people need to know precisely which qualities are necessary to deserve this honor. The final case is regarding the latest bailout that came after the financial crisis. Specifically, he discusses about the feelings of different people towards the bonuses awarded to the executives of the companies involved. Even though some felt that the bonuses were justified, most individuals thought it was unfair primarily because they compensated failure rather than success. The author describes three conceptions of justice that aids in understanding how decisions are made and he discusses them all through the book. Util itarianism, also described as capitalization on welfare, is the first conception. This is followed by another conception regarding liberty and personal rights. The last conception discusses the idea that justice is associated with virtue and a decent life in general. Before recounting the various concepts of justice, Sandel also discusses what are described as the moral dilemmas. These can be clarified by applying ethics in the reasoning process, which directs every individual in different ways dependent on their characters and the manner in which they deliberate and justify their decisions. In this case, clashes may result from partial reasoning or contradictory moral obligations.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chapter two, labeled â€Å"The Greatest Happiness Principle or Utilitarianism†, deliberates over the idea of utilitarianism by relating two various attitudes. First is the idea of Jeremy Bentham. The idea concentrates on getting maximum pleasure and lessening pain so as to make the most out of the overall utility. In this notion, the rights of a person may be disregarded, like in the incident of torture. The idea of John Stuart Mill presents the second concept of utilitarianism. According to Mill, people are at liberty in doing whatever they need to as long as it does not cause any damage to others. In addition, he is argues that there are superior and inferior pleasures (Sandel, 2010). Chapter three, â€Å"Do We Own Ourselves or Libertarianism†, argues that there should be minimal supervision and every individual should have the freedom of choosing the right action to take in different situations. According Sandel, libertarians are against authoritarianism, moral regulation and redeployment of income. For instance, libertarianism opponents claim that tax system is necessary since everybody needs to contribute towards the welfare of the society. Similarly, they argue that wealthy persons need to give back part of their riches since it was generated by the society. The author then deliberates on the implications associated with purchasing and retailing of organs. Sandel then reflects on the market and moralities and ways in which an open market may be founded on either sovereignty or wellbeing. In chapter four, â€Å"markets and morals†, Sandel talks about the morals of forfeiting persons to do various kinds of work, like fighting in wars and giving birth to children. The debate is whether there is need for market, where currency is involved, to the feature of morals. The best example presented by the author in this section is â€Å"remuneration for pregnancy†. Deliberating through the moralities and injustices in this instance aids in clarifying the variations amongst the leading philosophies of justice. In his opinion, it is not necessary for an individual to demand pay for certain services be cause of morals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chapter five, â€Å"What Matters is the Motive†, the author draws the attention of the reader towards understanding why motive is necessary. He does this by explaining the idea of Kant. He argues that morality concerns with respect to people, regardless of who they are. This involves doing the correct thing simply because it is right. Sandel then argues for the idea of egalitarianism based on the perception of John Rawls. Similarly, he clarifies how it is different from the concept of libertarianism and utilitarianism. According to Rawl, people need fairness with regard to fundamental freedoms and societal and financial life. Reference Sandel, M. J. (2010). Justice: What’s the right thing to do?. London: Penguin Books. This essay on Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? was written and submitted by user Lexie Pate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Godfather - Hospital Scene essays

The Godfather - Hospital Scene essays The Godfather: Hospital Scene Analysis I was particulary interested in the scene where Vito Corleone has recently been severely shot and hospitalized and is at a local hospital for recuperation. The scene caught my eyes in several different ways including: the lighting, music, use of set, point of view of camera, low angle shots, and extreme angle shots. The scene starts out with Michael Corleone getting out of a taxi at the hospital steps. The shot is perhaps ironic in that there seems to be foreboding music playing with a tall, dark, castle-like hospital, but there are Christmas lights. Christmas is supposed to be a time of joy and peace, but in this scene there is no peace, nor joy. Upon entering the hospital it is empty and foreboding, with extreme long shots of empty hallways, all the while intense, ominous music is playing on the movie. Michael encounters no one, just a skipping record player and a half-eaten sandwich. His mood seems to quicken as he senses that his father is in danger and the music quickens, and Michael starts to run. He knows enough that he feels something is wrong and that something bad has happened or will happen soon. Upon reaching his fathers room we see the two chairs of the guards who were supposed to be there empty. His father is safe, but we here some ironic news from the nurse telling about why the guards are not there, They were interfering with hospital service. This is ironic because the hospital seems completely empty and because the police dismissed them, and they would know how much danger Vito Corleone is in. This is the point in the movie where we see Michael Corleone come into his own, and fall into his fate to be the head of the Corleone Family. He is pushed by situations into this role where he must take charge to save his love ones, and he definitely shows that he is more than capable of it. He takes charge and pushes his fathers ...

How to Use the Spanish Verb Faltar to Indicate Absence or Lack

How to Use the Spanish Verb Faltar to Indicate Absence or Lack Faltar carries with it the idea of lacking. But it is used in a variety of ways where to lack isnt the best translation. Here are some of its most common uses. Fast Facts Faltar typically is used to state that something is missing, lacking, nonexistent, or not available.An indirect object can be used to indicate who is affected by the lack or absence.Faltar is used much more flexibly than lack and other English equivalents, so a wide variety of translations is possible depending on the context. Faltar to Indicate Absence or Nonexistence Possible translations of faltar include to be absent and to be missing as well as a simple statement of nonexistence: A la reunià ³n faltaron los representantes de Ecuador. (The representatives of Ecuador were absent from the meeting. The representatives of Ecuador were not at the meeting.)La mujer faltaba de su hogar desde hace cuatro dà ­as y era buscada intensamente por sus familiares. (The woman was missing from her home since four days ago and was intensively searched for by her relatives.)El martes de la semana pasada, Sabrina faltà ³ a la escuela sin avisar a sus padres. (On Tuesday of last week, Sabrina missed school without telling her parents.) Faltar With Indirect Pronouns In many situations, faltar is used with an indirect-object pronoun to state who or what is affected by the lack or absence of something. In this usage, faltar functions much like gustar. The indirect-object pronoun is in boldface in the following examples. Although lack can almost always be used in translation, other possibilities include need, to be short and so on. As is the case with gustar, the noun represented by the indirect-object pronoun often serves as the subject of the sentence in translation. A esta receta le falta un ingrediente principal. (This recipe lacks a main ingredient.)Nos faltan dos personas para reservar el cuarto de hotel. (We need two more people to reserve the hotel room.)A este pobre le falta una pierna. (This poor man is missing a leg.)Sà ³lo me falta el telà ©fono. (Im missing only my telephone. I have everything I need except for my telephone.) ¿Cuntos puntos me faltan para llegar al nivel segundo? (How many points do I need to arrive at the second level?)Te falta estudiarlo un poco ms. (You need to study it a little more.)Hay 10 secretos que te faltarn saber de Guatemala. (There are 10 secrets you will need to know about Guatemala.)Me falta agua en el radiador. (I need water in the radiator.) Faltar to Indicate What Remains Somewhat paradoxically for English speakers, faltar is often used to indicate what remains in anticipation of an event or situation. The construction used in these instances typically is optional pronoun faltar what remains para the goal. Faltan cinco dà ­as para Navidad. (Five days remain until Christmas. There are five days to go until Christmas.)Faltaban dos segundos para terminar el juego. (There were two seconds to go to end the game.)Te faltan 100 pesos para comprarlo. (You need 100 pesos more to buy it.)A à ©l le faltaban tres horas para la medianoche. (He had three hours remaining until midnight.) Faltar A to Indicate Lack of Heed The phrase faltar a can be used to indicate the lack of attention or respect to the object of the preposition a. Es una promesa,  ¡y nunca falto a mis promesas! (Thats a promise, and I never break my promises!)Es tonto pensar que ella faltarà ­a a un evento como ese. (Its silly to think that she would not attend an event such as that.)La escritora jams faltaba a las reuniones de lunes. (The writer never missed the Monday meetings.) Expressions Using Faltar Expressions and phrases that use faltar include: Faltar al respeto, to be disrespectful. ¡Lo que faltaba! Its all I needed! ¡No faltarà ­a ms! Of course! Obviously! Dont mention it!Faltar a la verdad, to be dishonest.Faltar tiempo, to be short of time. Conjugation of Faltar Faltar is conjugated regularly, following the pattern of hablar. Etymology of Faltar As you might have guessed, is etymologically related to the English word fault. Both fault and faltar come from the Latin verb fallere, which meant to deceive or disappoint. Other Spanish words derived from fallere include fallar (to fail or disappoint), falla (defect), and falso (false). Related English words include fail, failure, and false.

NCLB in your School Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

NCLB in your School - Coursework Example Effectively, the Act requires the development of basic skills assessments, critical towards receiving federal education funding (CQ Press, 2005).This is in addition to continuously giving these assessments to all students at various select grade levels, with each state developing individual standards. The utility of Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) standardized examinations is viewed as a pertinent requirement of all states in the U.S. This is aimed at achieving the critical purpose of NCLB that entails having all American students achieve proficiency in mathematics and reading by the year 2014. Accordingly, as founded under pertinent legislation, individual states are tasked with the setting of their individual standards, which students in public schools need to achieve. Through measurement of such student progress, states are thereafter able to solicit for federal funding, based on achievement of set standards (CQ Press, 2005). The requirement that all schools need to publish scores attained for the public to view enables parents to decide on the best education avenues through which their children can progress through. In case of contexts where schools continuously fail to meet these standards, pertinent measures are taken towards improving the schooling system present. These include utility of summer schooling and tutoring programs, or overall system restructuring if need be (New America Foundation, 2014). The AYP standardized examinations are critical towards measurement of individual and student-group progress. According to New America Foundation (2014), this is in reference to proficiency in mathematics and reading, which is essential in qualifying students for advancement to higher levels of learning. Critically so, these examinations are unique to individual states, given that there exists no national achievement standards. The NCLB Act expands federal role-play in public education

Teen Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teen Pregnancy - Essay Example Many factors contribute to teenage pregnancy, which include, advance in technology, poverty, drug abuse and among others. Today’s society is not the same as the past society due to advancement in technology. Nonetheless, technology has come with negative effects, especially to teenagers. Moreover, parents do not have control of what piece of information reaches their children. Therefore, this implies teenagers log in to pornographic sites and as a result, they practice what they see. It is important to pass teenage education to every adolescent to avoid irresponsible behavior. Teenage education not only affects teenagers, but also the whole society. Furthermore, teenage mothers are likely to come from poor background. However, this does not mean that poverty leads to teenage pregnancy (Shaw & Lawlor, 2007, p.312). Lack of basic needs may force teenage girls to engage in premarital sex to provide for her family. In addition, families from poor backgrounds may not be able to provide school fees for their teenage girl. That being the case, the teenage girl ends up engaging in impulsive behavior. Pa rents to such girls should establish a good relationship; teach them basic education according to what they have experienced, since this develops her self-esteem. In relevance to Shaw and Lawlor (2007), society and culture influence the rate of recorded pregnancy. Social background greatly affects the behavior of a girl. Therefore, individuals included in the social background of a teenager have a duty to mold a girl’s behavior. Additionally, education is the key concern when it comes to eradicate teenage pregnancy. Education assists teenagers when making decision. However, the school has to decide the right time to teach teenagers about sex

APA guidelines Essay Example for Free

APA guidelines Essay Term Definition Resource you used Time value of money Money has a Time Value. This basic idea a dollar received today, other things being the same, is worth more than a dollar received a year from now underlies many financial decisions faced in Business (TItman, Keown, Martin, 2014, P. 172). TItman, S., Keown, A., Martin, J. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Prentice Hall Efficient market A market in which prices quickly respond to the announcement of new information. Efficient markets describes the extent to which information is incorporated into security prices. In an efficient market, security prices reflect all available information at all times; and, because of this, it is impossible for an investor to consistently earn high rates of return without taking substantial risk (TItman, Keown, Martin, 2014, P.210). TItman, S., Keown, A., Martin, J. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Prentice Hall Primary versus secondary market A primary market is a market in  which new, as opposed to previously issued, securities are bought and sold for the first time. In this market, firms issue new securities to raise money that they can then use to help finance their businesses. The key feature of the primary market is that the firms selling securities actually receive the money raised. The secondary market is where all subsequent trading of previously issued securities takes place. In this market the issuing firm does not receive any new financing, as the securities it has  sold are simply being transferred from one investor to another. The principal benefit of the secondary market for the shareholders of firms that sell their securities to the public is liquidity(TItman, Keown, Martin, 2014, P.25). TItman, S., Keown, A., Martin, J. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Prentice Hall Risk-return tradeoff  tells us that we will expect to receive higher returns for assuming more risk (even though there is no guarantee we will get what we expect). However, the risk–return tradeoff that investors face is not based on realized rates of return; it is instead based on what the investor expects to earn on an investment in the future (TItman, Keown, Martin, 2014, P.193). TItman, S., Keown, A., Martin, J. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Prentice Hall Agency (principal and agent problems) The conflict of interest between the firm’s managers and its stockholders is called a principal-agent problem, or agency problem, in which the firm’s common stockholders, the owners of the firm, are the principals in the relationship, and the managers act as â€Å"agents† to these owners (TItman, Keown, Martin, 2014, P. 13) TItman, S., Keown, A., Martin, J. (2014). Financial Management: Principles and Applications (12th ed.). : Prentice Hall Market information and security prices and information asymmetry A situation in which one party in a transaction has more or superior information compared to another. This often happens in transactions where the seller knows more than the buyer, although the reverse can happen as well. Potentially, this could be a harmful situation because one party can take advantage of the other partys lack of knowledge (Investopedia, 2015). Investopedia. (2015). Asymmetric Information. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/asymmetricinformation.asp Agile and lean principles Agile refers to an adaptive, incremental approach to solutions development,  with strong emphasis on delivering value. In contrast, Lean respresents a widely adopted approach to continuous improvement, designed to improve performance by removing barriers which disrupt workflow in existing systems. Both Agile and Lean are particularly attractive and suited to finance sector enviroments where business requirements change frequently and recation time is critical (Agile And Lean In Finance, 2011) Agile and Lean in Finance. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.dbconsulting.co.uk/agile-and-lean-in-finance-22-september/ Return on investment Return on investment, or ROI, is the most common profitability ratio. There are several ways to determine ROI, but the most frequently used method is to divide net profit by total assets. So if your net profit is $100,000 and your total assets are $300,000, your ROI would be .33 or 33 percent. Return on investment isnt necessarily the same as profit. ROI deals with the money you invest in the company and the return you realize on that money based on the net profit of the business (Entrepreneur Media, Inc., 2014). Entrepreneur Media, Inc.. (2014). Return on Investment ROI. Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/return-on-investment-roi Cash flow and a source of value In investments, cash flow represents earnings before depreciation, amortization, and non-cash charges. Sometimes called cash earnings. The maount of net cash generated by an investment or a business durning a specific period. Once measure of cash flow is earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (The Free Dictionary, 2015). The Free Dictionary. (2015). Cash flow. Retrieved from http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cash+flow Project management The planning and organization of an organizations resources in order to move a specific task, event or duty toward completion. Project management typically involves a one-time project rather than an ongoing activity, and resources managed include both human and financial capital. A project manager will help define the goals and objectives of the project, determine when the various project components are to be completed (Project Management, 2015). Project Management. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/project-management.asp Outsourcing and offshoring Outsourcing refers to an organization contracting work out to a 3rd party, while offshoring refers to getting work done in a different country, usually to leverage cost advantages. Its possible to outsource work but not offshore it; for example, hiring an outside law firm to review contracts instead of maintaining an in-house staff of lawyers. It is also possible to offshore work but not outsource it; for example, a Dell customer service center in India to serve American clients. Offshore outsourcing is the practice of hiring a vendor to do the work offshore, usually to lower costs and take advantage of the vendors expertise, economies of scale, and large and scalable labor pool (Offshoring Vs. Outsourcing, 2014). Offshoring vs. Outsourcing. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.diffen.com/difference/Offshoring_vs_Outsourcing Inventory turnover A measure of how often the company sells and replaces its inventory. It is the ratio of annual cost of sales to the latest inventory. One can also interpret the ratio as the time to which inventory is held. For example a ratio of 26 implies that inventory is held, on average, for two weeks (365 days in a year divided by inventory turnover ratio of 26 equals 14 days pr 2 weeks average inventory holding period). It is best to use this ratio to compare companies within an industry (high turnover is a good sign) because there are huge differences in this ratio across industries (The Free Dictionary, 2013-2015). The Free Dictionary. (2013-2015). Inventory turnover. Retrieved from http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Inventory+Turnover Just-in-time inventory (JIT) A supply chain management system designed to reduce carrying costs to a minimum. A firm only orders what it expects for its immediate needs; therefore, it keeps a lowinventory. For example, if a retailer believes it  will sell 1,000 widgets in a week, it orders precisely 1,000 widgets from its manufacturer. JIT systems require that the retailer at the end of the supply chain can accurately predict demand for its products. They also require that each stage of the supply chain knows exactly how much time it takes to fill an order when it is made. The automotive industry and budget retailers commonly use JIT systems (The Free Dictionary, 2012-2015). The Free Dictionary. (2012-2015). Just In Time. Retrieved from http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Just-in-Time+Inventory+System Vender managed inventory (VMI) A means of optimizing Supply Chain performance in which the manufacturer is responsible for maintaining the distributor’s inventory levels. The manufacturer has access to the distributor’s inventory data and is responsible for generating purchase orders. To further define it, let’s look at 2 business models (Vendor Managed Inventory, 2015). Vendor Managed Inventory. (2015). Definition of Vendor Managed Inventory. Retrieved from http://www.vendormanagedinventory.com/definition.php Forecasting and demand management The use of historic data to determine the direction of future trends. Forecasting is used by companies to determine how to allocate their budgets for an upcoming period of time (Investopedia, 2015). Demand Management: Macroeconomics: Use of monetary and fiscal policies to influence the aggregate demand for goods or services in an economy. During periods of high unemployment, governments attempts to stimulate damand, and hence, production and employment and during periords of high inflation or balance fo payment problems to curb it ( Business Dictionary, 2015). Investopedia. (2015). Forecasting . Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/forecasting.asp Business Dictionary. (2015). Demand Management. Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/demand-management.html

Sex Who Needs It :: essays papers

Sex Who Needs It I've found the past couple of years to be an eye opener in the world of sexual experiences. I'm not necessarily referring to my own experiences, but those of society in general. There was a time when more smart-conscious decisions were made relating to sexual relationships. But times have changed. The pillars that hold up our individual sexual values have started to crumble. No longer can we create our own standards without feeling ostracized by the society that forms the standards for us. With influences coming from the media, infatuated hormones and opinionated peers, teenagers today have turned the act of love making into a whimsical joyride. The difference between making love and having sex is miles apart. To make love, the partners involved use their hearts more so than their parts. To have sex, the partners use their parts more so than their hearts. The key to this Dr. Seuss rhyme lies in the selected noun that the partners use in their actions. Since hormones and feelings (hearts) both exist on a different level, saying that they are the same would be to take away all the feeling, emotion and love involved in love making. Teens are letting their hormones control their sexual decisions by giving in to the pure pleasure of sex. To make up for their lack of solid reasoning behind their acts, they try to rationalize their choices. The justification that many couples come up with for having sex is love. I can't help but wonder how many couples would actually stay together if their relationship existed without sex. Friends and peers are a big pressure factor when deciding weather or not to have sex. As seen in many after school specials, the popular "C'mon, everybody is doing it," isn't far off the mark. Just knowing that three or four other couples in a social group are having sex can sway a couple to give in and start hitting their own home runs on their sexual playing field. With each new couple having sex, the pressure current becomes stronger and stronger, especially for those couples not sexually active. At this point many couples get swept in the flow of the current and just go with it; they do the nasty. Once they've committed themselves to having sex, it's very hard to stop. The couple might find out that they aren't ready for this big step in their relationship, but to stop having sex would mean to lose face with friends! Well, do you think that

Pompei and Herculaneum Religious Archaeology

Being one of the most fascinating and cataclysmic events in Ancient Rome, The violent eruption of Mount Vesuvius ultimately destroyed a set of unique and culturally significant societies from Rome. With Pompeii and Herculaneum’s unique culture came their widely influenced and varied religion. Religion of which had no one following, one god or one origin. Both societies housed many cults and religions, many of which were adopted by citizens after foreign influences, significantly from the Hellenic civilizations. Pompeii was evidently a wealthy aristocratic city, as demonstrated by the abundance of valuables located along the remains of dead Pompeians. Golden coins, jewelry and lavish houses adorned with frescoes were extracted from Pompeii at the time of finding, as the volcanic debris preserved much of the city. This is not to say that Pompeii also housed many middle and lower class citizens, slaves being an integral part of the city-town. Much of these influences manifested itself in the form of temples, epigraphy and burial practices and are examples of how much and how many forms of religious impact were seen throughout the city. Seeing how these religions surfaced in Pompeii and Herculaneum can help uncover how these distinct cults and practices impacted the societies. Being one of the most prominent and distinct examples of influence in religion in both societies, the temple of Isis housed a large and devout cult all around the Roman Empire, but very much so in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Being of Egyptian origin, the god Isis was a significant part of both cities, the temple in subject adorned with mosaics of Roman and Egyptian gods, with the god Hermes carved onto the purgatorium. This demonstrates to us that the Cult of Isis did not in a way, interfere with the practices or other religions, but rather integrated into. Isis herself was represented in large of lower classmen, commoners as well as slaves and women. As such, having a large slave and tradesman population, meant that Isis was a popular cult and goddess towards the people. The courtyard itself contained a multitude of chambers and buildings, one of which led to a cistern that held water from the rive Nile. This shows us not only of their devotion to Isis, but it is also evidence of ritual and cult practice. As the Temple was kept intact so well, much of the architecture and detail in regards to the walls and columns tells that the city had strong Egyptian influence, as well as showing us how important Isis and Egyptian religious worship was to them. Such importance in that an Egyptian Temple was built in a Roman city, further enhancing the notion that Egypt had large impact onto Pompeii and Herculaneum. Plutarch stated that the Egyptians were indeed of a very pious nature, but they were not the only cult to call Pompeii its home. The cult of Dionysus, another large following in Pompeii and Herculaneum, was to honor the titular god, Dionysus. Being the god of Wine and festivities, the higher class individuals may have seen the cult as a representation of themselves, demonstrating how it catered to the aristocrats’ own lifestyle, similar to how Isis represented the poor and working class individuals. Dionysus was of Greek mythology, showing us the influence of the Greeks, but it very much resembled Bacchus, the Roman god of similar representation. Dionysus was somewhat worshipped in the Villa of the Mysteries, in which Romans would accommodate its interior. The Villa was a meeting place and a home to many patrons in Pompeii, lined with ornate and detailed frescoes, largely intact. The frescoes depict a multitude of activities and practices, such as rites of passage, leisurely activities such as dancing and instrument playing, as well as featuring Dionysus himself. This was likely some of the many practices that the cult delved in during the villa. It is also interesting to note that the exterior of the villa was closed off and although a large part of the city, it is situated in the northwest of the city, away from the general populace and larger landmarks. In addition to that, much of the rituals and events took place at night and in secrecy, specifically the rites of passage. One could assume that although the worship of either Bacchus or Dionysus was prevalent, the practices and activities that were partaken, especially at night were something to be discrete about. Such a source is useful to us as the Villa’s Dionysus worship is backed by the fact that the Villa and its practices and rituals were placed so far away from other prominent buildings and individuals. Other figures were also incorporated into housing and residences as well, one of them being the Lares. Lares were guardian figures in Roman Mythology and were widely impacted throughout Pompeii and Herculaneum. Many of our references to the Lares are shown in the form of mosaics and statues, particularly around Roman residence. Lares were seen to be protectors, which explains their use around the city. One such residence, the Villa of the Vettii, houses a particular mosaic of two Lares, assumed to be sacrificing another individual, with a snake under them, representing prosperity. Not only this, but Lare statues were placed all around the house and for many other everyday occasions, such as funerals, banquets and births. Cicerobelieved that â€Å"The mose sacred and hallowed place on earth is the home of each and every citizen†, the citizens of Pompeii rightly believing so. One could deduce that the citizens believed that the Lares were directly related to the city’s well-being and that they demanded sacrifices in order to achieve it. In addition to this, the fact that these deities were so widespread and common throughout both Herculaneum and Pompeii, in addition to much of the rest of Rome, shows its usefulness in identifying that the Lares were seen as a very significant and integral part of everyday life. Another significant religious practice in both societies was the use of tombs and burials. The ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum are scattered with the tombs and burial sites of dead citizens, mostly of aristocratic descent around the gates and leading to the city. The graves collectively formed the Necropolis and are scattered with statues and inscriptions of different gods and followings. This shows us how diverse the religious demographic was in Pompeii and Herculaneum. Many tombs also contained valuables along with their owner’s remains. Things such as jewelry and weapons were found during excavation, detailing that these individuals had possibly believed in an afterlife with the items that they were buried with. It is also interesting to note that Hellenic and Gallic civilizations adopted this practice earlier on, possibly concluding that there could have been Northern and definite Greek influence in Pompeii. It is also a point to make that these tombs were built around the gates of Pompeii and Herculaneum, a place of high traffic. Citizens could then be speculated that they may have treated the idea of death much more positively and more conventionally than how the modern world handles it, the latter in question usually designating graveyards near places of little significance or at least, certainly not of high traffic. The Necropolis in question of its usefulness is very much a key part in understanding the belief of death, its practices in burial and the afterlife as it was and still is, the resting place of thousands of people, all of them, believing that the Necropolis was a distinguished, significant place of burial and where they wished to be encapsulated, many of them bearing and displaying their Religious affinity in either the form of epigraphy or an idol or shrine near their tomb.

How to Make Camias Prunes and Soap Essay

Procedure: To make candied kamias, begin by sorting fruits according to size and eliminating the spoiled or damaged ones. 1. Weigh and wash the fruits.  2. Soak them overnight in lime solution (one tablespoon lime per one liter of water). This process will firm up the fruits. Again, wash thoroughly in running water to remove lime. 3. Blanch fruits in boiling water for three to five minutes and drain. 4. Prick the bottom part of kamias with a fine toothpick and press each fruit lightly to remove some of the fruit juice. 5. Prepare syrup (2 parts sugar to one part water), boil it and strain. 6. Add the kamias to the syrup and boil them for five minutes and soak overnight. 7. Remove the fruits and add one cup sugar to the syrup and boil. Then add kamias again and heat for five minutes. 8. Soak the fruits overnight. 9. The following day, remove fruits and add some more sugar to the syrup. Then, add kamias again and boil for five minutes. 10. Allow to cool; drain and weigh. 11. Arrange kamias on a tray and dry in the solar dryer. 12. After drying, weigh again and pack in plastic bags and seal. Materials: * 1 glass Caustic Soda (NaOH) * 3 glasses water * 5 glasses cooking oil * 1/2 glass juice or extract Procedure: 1. Prepare the materials and the utensils needed. 2. Measure 1 glass of caustic soda and 3 glasses of water and pour into a plastic pail. 3. Mix well by stirring continuously using a wooden ladle or bamboo stick. Use only one direction in mixing the mixture. Stir until the caustic soda is dissolved. 4. Pour 5 glasses cooking oil into the mixture. 5. Continue stirring until a consistency of a condensed milk is achieved and add 1/2 glass of juice or extract. 6. Pour the soap mixture into desired plastic molders. Set aside and let it cool to harden. 7. After 4-5 hours,  remove the soap from the molder. 8. Allow 30 days of ageing before packing. Label the soaps. Indications: * Kamias – fruit extract or juice (bleaching soap) * Calamansi – fruit extract or juice (bleaching soap) * Cucumber – fruit extract or juice (moisturizer) * Papaya – extract from fresh leaves (bleaching/moisturizer) * Radish – extract from the stem (moisturizer) Reminder: * Caustic Soda can harm the skin upon contact. Wash immediately with vinegar or anything sour and then wash it with soap and water. * Caustic Soda is harmful to health and so, make the necessary precaution. Use mask and gloves to protect your body. Directions 1. In a wide bowl, crush strawberries in batches until you have 4 cups of mashed berry. In a heavy bottomed saucepan, mix together the strawberries, sugar, and lemon juice. Stir over low heat until the sugar is dissolved. Increase heat to high, and bring the mixture to a full rolling boil. Boil, stirring often, until the mixture reaches 220 degrees F (105 degrees C). Transfer to hot sterile jars, leaving 1/4 to 1/2 inch headspace, and seal. Process in a water bath. If the jam is going to be eaten right away, don’t bother with processing, and just refrigerate. 2. To test for jelling Place three plates in a freezer†¦ after about 10 minutes of boiling place a tsp of the liquid of the jam onto the cold plate. Return to freezer for a minute. Run your finger through the jam on the plate†¦ if it doesn’t try to run back together (if you can make a line through it with your finger) it’s ready to be canned!

Should America Abolish the Federal Reserve System Essay Example

Should America Abolish the Federal Reserve System Essay Example Should America Abolish the Federal Reserve System Essay Should America Abolish the Federal Reserve System Essay Should the United States Abolish the Federal Reserve System? The Federal Reserve System was instituted on December 23rd, 1913 by an act of Congress and serves as the central bank of the United States (â€Å"Federal Reserve System†). It is made up of twelve Reserve Banks with its headquarters in Washington D. C. The Board of Governors consists of seven members and two of them are designated and confirmed Chairman and Vice Chairman. The Chairman and Vice Chairman serve for four year terms while the other members serve fourteen year terms (The Structure of the Federal Reserve System). The responsibility of the Federal Reserve System is to conduct the nations monetary policy, supervise and regulate banking institutions, maintain the stability of the financial system and provide financial services to depository institutions, the U. S. government, and foreign official institutions (Bachman, Jess). Henry Ford once said, â€Å"It is well enough that the people of the nation do not understand our banking and monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be revolution before tomorrow morning. (Conspiracies of the Federal Reserve†¦. † There are but a few persons who truly know about the Federal Reserve System. What people must realize is that the Federal Reserve System virtually controls the monetary system of the United States, yet it is accountable to no one. It has no budget, it is subject to no audit and no Congressional Committee knows of, or can truly supervise its operations. Therefore, the United States of America should abolish the Federal R eserve System simply because it lacks transparency, it caters to the rich and wealthy of the nation instead of the poor and middle class and it is not a government institution or a bank. If this is the case then why should a private institution be in control of the government funds and why should an institution that is not a bank serve as the central bank of a nation? There are many who question the Federal Reserve and why it is not transparent like other central banks in developed countries and also whether or not this lack of transparency will affect the economy. For many years the Federal Reserve has explicitly defended secrecy and opposed full disclosure. They believe that fuller disclosure will promote unnecessary volatility in financial markets, benefit certain speculators and interfere with the execution of money policy(Bachman, Jess). The fact is that secrecy of the monetary policy will increase financial market uncertainty, unvolatility, and larger uncertainty premiums in interest rates. According to the President of the Federal Reserve Bank in Kansas City, a potential solution to the problem of lack of transparency is â€Å"advancing how they use the minutes†(Grurdman, Don J. . He believes that forcing the Federal Reserve System to be more honest and open when crisis occur, allowing them to be questioned on the economic policy and giving wide publicity to their decisions will help bankers and investors make wise and safe decisions that can help the market to grow, but since the Federal Reserve was created it has always operated in the shadows, without sufficient scrutiny or oversight of its operations. In one instance, the Federal Reserve can enter into agreements with foreign central banks and foreign government yet the Government Accountability Office is prohibited from auditing or even seeing these agreements(Conspiracies of the Federal†¦. ). If the Federal Reserve System cannot operate in openness then why should it be in operation? The Federal Reserve was always in favour of the rich of the country. There are three financial forces that keep the poor and middle class working hard and struggling financially. These forces are taxes, debt and inflation and retirement (Kiyosaki, Robert T. ). It is important to understand that these forces are kept alive by the Federal Reserve System’s license to print money. America was basically tax-free in the early days. In 1862 the first income tax was used to pay for the Civil War. In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that income tax was unconstitutional but however, in 1913 when the Federal Reserve System was created, income tax was made permanent. By this the rich could put their hands in the people’s pockets via taxes permanently. Also, inflation which is caused by the Federal Reserve printing money to pay the government’s bills makes the cost of living very expensive for the poor and middle class but the rich get richer since they are the ones who own the big businesses. Additionally, in 1974 the U. S. Congress passed the ERISA and this forced Americans to invest in the stock market for their retirement through mediums such as 401(k). Such investments normally have high fees, high risks and low returns. Because of this, today many people do not have enough money to retire because they have lost all their wealth in the stock market crash (Kiyoskai, Robet T. ). When we look at the relationship between the Federal Reserve and the three forces we can indeed conclude that the poor and middle class have not been served justice. If the Federal Reserve System is one that is biased and caters to only one class in the American society then it should without a doubt be abloished. Thomas Jefferson, declared, If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their money, first by inflation and then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around them, will deprive the people of their property until their children will wake up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered†(Supinski, Ron). From the beginning it was persons like Thomas Jefferson who knew that the idea of allowing private banks to control the nation’s funds would not to be beneficial to the American society and this is why the Federal Reserve System should be abolished. It is a privately owned bank. In the Federal Reserve decisions do not have to be ratified by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branch of government (Brown, Ellen). The shareholders of the Federal Reserve are private banks. In fact 100% of its shareholders are private banks and none is owned by the government (Brown, Ellen). By law, ownership of a certain amount of stock is a condition of membership so if the government is not a member of this institution, why is it in charge of the nation’s monetary system? Shouldn’t this be one aspect the government should have the ultimate say in? In the case of John L. Lewis/Appellant vs. The United States of America/Apellee, it was held: It is clear from this that in some circumstances, the Federal Reserve Bank can be considered a government instrumentality, but cannot be considered a federal agency, because the term carries with it the assumption that the federal government has direct oversight over what the Fed does. Of course it does not, because most people who know about this subject know that the Fed is politically independent. (Court Rules Federal Reserve is Privately Owned) Because of this ruling, the United States government was not entitled to pay John Lewis for the injuries he received from an accident that involved a vehicle belonging to the Federal Reserve. It is quite evident now that the Federal is indeed a private institution and because of this it should not control the United States’ monetary system and it should be abolished. Up to this present day many Americans still argue that it was the Federal Reserve System that saved the United States from the Panic of 1907. It was believed that the United States unlike European states was vulnerable without a central bank and if the Federal Reserve hadn’t come along to extend the supply of money during periods of low cash reserves, the country was going to undergo the most severe and far reaching money panic in its history. Sadly, the Federal Reserve still failed in preventing the even worse bank failures in the Great Depression. What Americans must understand is that the Panic of 1907 was not caused because the United States did not have a central bank. The main cause of the crash was stock market and real estate speculation (Flodvary, Fred). This shows that if there was a central bank established, there may have been the same results since there is no proof of the Federal Reserve being the one to save the economy of the United States during that time. I must remind the audience that from the beginning when idea of the Federal Reserve came into existence it was always a big secret where everyone was left in the dark. Many secret meetings were held on Jerkyll Island where banking ideas were discussed and the plan eventually became the Federal Reserve System (Foldvary, Fred). The Federal Reserve System did not come into existence to help the Americans overcome the panic of 1907 but it was created with the interest of its creators in mind. Even when the Federal Reserve Act was passed in Congress, there were only three members present. This was because there were many persons who really knew what the future of the American economy in the hands of the Federal Reserve looked like and they had opposed it. The monetary system is not what Americans are led to believe. The creation of money has been privatized, or taken over by private money lenders and Thomas Jefferson called them â€Å"bold and bankrupt adventurers just pretending to have money† (Brown,Ellen). The banking system has been contrived by the Federal Reserve so that big banks always get bailed out by the taxpayers from their risky ventures. The deceptions of the Federal Reserve concerning the money scheme has been unraveled and a crystal clear picture is presented of the financial abyss towards which America has been led to. There is workable alternative to the Federal Reserve, one that was tested in colonial America and is grounded in the best of American economic thought, including the writings of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln. This alternative is a federal agency owned by the government that can be subject to an audit, has a buget, accountable to someone and in a position where its operations can be truly supervised. This idea has already been thought out by America’s greatest minds. It is now that time for the American government to take those ideas in order to continue in the best interest of its people and abolish the Federal Reserve System for good! Bachman, Jess. A Visual Guide to the Federal Reserve System. (2009). Brown, Ellen. The Web of Debt: The Shocking Truth about Our Money System. Third Millennium Press, 2008. - . Who owns the Federal Reserve? The South Florida Business Journal (2008): 73-75. Conspiracies of the Federal Reserve System. Perf. Ron Paul. 2008. Court Rules Federal Reserve is Privately Owned. No. 04-2357. United States Courts of Appeal. 28 April 2005. Federal Reserve System. 2010. 20 October 2010 lt;www. britannica. comgt;. Foldvary, Fred E. The Panic of 1907. 1 May 2007. 12 October 2010 lt;www. freerepublic. com/focusgt;. Grurdmann, Don J. The Truth about the Federal Reserve- The Biggest Financial Crime in the History of the United States. (n. d. ): 1-2. Kiyosaki, Robert T. Rich Dads Conspiracy of the Rich. New York: Business Plus and CASHFLOW Technologies, Inc. , 2009. Supinski, Ron. The Federal Reserve System is a Private Bank. 8 October 1992. 15 October 2010 lt;www. the7thfire. com/Politics%20and%20History/Federal-Reserve. htmlgt;. The Structure of the Federal Reserve System. 3 July 2003. 2 November 2010 lt;www. federalreserve. govgt;.

Analysis of the asia pacific airline industry

Analysis of the asia pacific airline industry There are many industries that the world has come to heavily rely on as globalization has become more widespread. The idea of national and continental boundaries being a limitation has gradually been overtaken by the innovations of mankind over the past few decades. The inventor of the airplane; Orville Wright is quoted as saying in 1908; â€Å"No airship will ever fly from New York to Paris.  That seems to me to be impossibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the airship will always be a special messenger, never a load-carrier† (Smithsonian Education, 2010). What he could not have imagined was that a century later his invention would be at the centre of the globalisation movement taking place and that the airplanes would be the core of an industry which directly facilitates economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism (Doganis, 2000). The International Air Transport Association (IATA) forecasts international air travel to grow by an average of 6.6% a year to the end of t he decade and over 5% a year from 2000 to 2010 (Stanford University; 2010). These rates correlate with the levels of profitability that have been noted over the past five years as illustrated in Figure-1, showing that the level of profitability in the industry has been steadily growing over the past 5 years. Figure-1: IATA, 2010 The Asia Pacific Airline Industry The most dynamic growth is centred on the Asia Pacific region, where fast-growing trade and investment are coupled with rising domestic prosperity. Home to more than 4 billion people and driven by two of the largest dynamic economies; India and China, the Asia-Pacific region carries more than 25% of global passenger traffic annually (IATA Annual Report, 2010). According to IATA CEO Giovanni Bisignani, as of April 2010 the Asia Pacific region was deemed to be the world’s largest aviation market (IATA Annual Report 2010). High rates of economic growth in the emerging markets within the Asia Pacific have led to the rapid expansion of aviation industries serving Asia and The Pacific (Sumner et al. 1995). The Asia Pacific airline industry witnessed a boom in the 1990’s that can only be termed as remarkable especially when compared to the performance of other airline markets such as the USA and Europe (Sumner et al. 1995). The dynamic nature of this region places it as an area of economic interest and analysis. This paper will give an economic analysis which will present arguments of how the airline industry functions and the plausible economic justifications for the massive growth that has been seen in the Asia Pacific airline industry. To present a concise analysis we will focus on three major commercial airlines in the region namely; Cathay Pacific, Singapore Airlines and All Nippon Airways as well as three market leaders in the Low Cost Carriers Sector (LCCs) namely; Cebu Pacific Air, Tiger Airways and Air Asia. 2. Asia Pacific Airline Industry: A Competitive Analysis Airline services categ orized as low cost carriers or LCC’s emerged in the airline industry in the South-East Asia region following deregulation in the early 2000’s and Air Asia pioneered low cost travelling (Arifin et al. 2010). Arifin et al. (2010) further highlight that as the number of LCC’s has grown; these airlines have begun to compete with one another in addition to the full service airlines. A competitive analysis of the Asia Pacific airline industry is therefore two-fold; firstly analysis on the basis of the competition between LCC’s themselves and secondly between LCC’s and full service airlines.

Does the suppression of unions and workers groups, and collective Essay

Does the suppression of unions and workers groups, and collective action undermine democracy - Essay Example It is always clear that unions and collective action allow employees to achieve steady increase in their fields of compensation, working conditions and their economic standards. Consequently, unions also play a greater role in facilitating the levels of democracy, inclusion and participation is the general society. This result is experienced both within the place of work and widely in social and democratic activities. Therefore, these unions exert this positive influence directly through their own internal processes and functions but also indirectly through their impact on the level of inclusion, participation, and protection to the society fully (Silverman). Internal evidence proves that societies with stronger unions and collective bargaining system will always demonstrate greater levels of equality and inclusion and stronger democratic participation. Below is a brief review of the various dimensions of unions’ positive influence on the effective and quality democracy. The employees always have two major basic mechanisms for expressing that they are not satisfied with their situation in the place of work. The first concept involves the classic market mechanism of exit and entry, in this case, the individuals practice their freedom of choice to either accept a situation or reject it (Silverman). This can relate with the fact that if a consumer is not satisfied by a product or service he or she can change their respective providers, and this applies to workers who are not satisfied with the kind of job they do to reject the job and move to an offer that is more desirable. In the labor market, exit is synonymous with quitting and entry with new companies hire. Great organizations such as public agencies, governments, and large corporations can facilitate the exit entry idea by providing the possibility of transferring from one department to another instead of leaving the firm or organization completely. The second

Entreprise system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Entreprise system - Assignment Example It is clear the company needs to improve the current software system to make operations easier. Pee’s coffee and tea can invest in better management software, re-architecture the current software to align with its current objectives or invest a cloud based management system. That is the only way the company can address the current logistical issues. Peet’s coffee and tea is expanding rapidly to share the large coffee market in the United States. According to Perez (2013), more than 80% of the American population take coffee. The percentage has increased dramatically over the years. With this conception, Peet’s coffee and Tea had to expand to take advantage of the increasing demand. Expanding comes with many new challenges. For example, when the company opens a new store, the new store has a software system integrated and connected to the entire company software system. The software system was not universal to the different stores and departments. As a result, there were many interconnections and customizations in the main software (Microsoft case studies, 2011). The many customizations and interconnections in the Peet’s coffee and tea software was a logistical nightmare as the supply chain manager Shawn Conway put it. According to Conway, staff had to use several software systems at times to serve the customers (Microsoft Case Studies, 2011). The staff took more time to obtain the customer details and responding to their issues. At the same time, it was challenging to account for raw materials, the products produced and customer orders (Microsoft Case Studies, 2011). With the vision to expand to other cities, the current software system would present more challenges to the company. The management could not rely on the system and had to spend a lot of time trying to balance the financials and Peet’s coffee and tea needed to upgrade its software systems for better

Mozart Effect in Childrens Toys Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mozart Effect in Childrens Toys - Case Study Example In 1993 Rauscher, Shaw and Ky published results of a study in which they measured the increase of spatial reasoning skills in 36 college students who listened to music composed by Mozart. The researchers reported increases of between 8 and 10 points on the IQ spatial reasoning task scale as opposed to those students who sat quietly for the 10 minute period or listened to relaxation tapes. The results of these findings were attributed to listening to the composer's sonata and resulted in coinage of the phrase 'The Mozart Effect.' Since these findings were first reported there has been a contentious debate as to the validity of the Mozart Effect. According to Caulfield (1999) the original study was performed on college students, not infants, and the results were temporary. Rauscher et al. (1997), however, conducted a two-year study where they found that preschool children who took piano lessons had increased spatial reasoning skills. This led them to conclude that music exposure to young children enhances the development of the brain, particularly in the area of spatial reasoning skills. These findings led Caulfield (1999) to question at what age music can be processed and remembered by young infants. According to LaFuente et al (1997 as quoted in Caulfield, 1999) infants during their last trimester care capable of hearing music. He and his associates conducted a study in which they had pregnant women in their final trimester (40 weeks) play tapes of basic chords and gradually moving up to more complex musical patterns. Each mother completed between 50 and 90 hours of musical listening prior to delivery. The researchers foun d that during the first six months the infants "exhibited significantly more rapid development of many behaviors, including visual tracking, eye-hand coordination, facial imitation and babbling" (Caulfield, 1999, p. 120) but Caulfield warns that the mother's knowledge of the study may have been a confounder. Nantais and Schellenberg (1999) explain that the Mozart effect is "similar to robust psychological phenomena such as transfer or priming" (p. 370) but the main difference is that the Mozart Effect, if in fact it exists, would be caused by passive listening as opposed to active doing. In an attempt to replicate the Mozart Effect the researchers selected 84 undergraduates, 56 for one experiment and 28 for a second. They used two different music pieces: the Mozart sonata and a piece composed by Schubert. Although their findings showed an improvement in spatial reasoning by both groups who listened to music as opposed to the control group who sat in silence, they concluded that the slight improvement was due to a positive stimulus versus a negative stimulus (music to

The Disabled Patients Using Embedded Systems Information Technology Essay

The Disabled Patients Using Embedded Systems Information Technology Essay Obstacles are those frightful things you see when you take your eyes off the goal. This quote was rendered by a famous philosopher Hannah Moore in order to motivate the Disabled. Of the disabled people those who are physically challenged, the blind, old people and those suffering from diseases such as Osteoporosis and rheumatics face problems in their routine life mainly because of LOCOMOTION. ASTHRA is an automated, dynamic memory mapped robotic vehicle (wheel chair) which enables the disabled to carry on their locomotion with ease and confidence. The Vehicle mainly consists of four basic components including a EMBEDDED WEB SERVER, DC MOTOR (WIPER TYPE) with driver circuit, an ULTRASONIC transmitter and receiver to detect obstacles, a Radio Frequency remote (transmitter receiveR) and Programmable and control memory unit. The entire component can be viewed as a robotic-vehicle fitted with 2 High power and high torque Motors. These motors are placed at the hub of the vehicles tyre and their chief aim is to drive or render sufficient power to pull the weight of the patient to move about. The two motors are fixed on the hub of the wheels and they are placed in such a manner that they render suitable locomotion based on the desire of the user. The most important feature of ASTHRA is the embedded web SERVERS. The use of the embedded web servers is to transfer informations rega rding the patients temperature, pulse, ECG and other important necessary features that needs to be transmitted during times of emergency. The use of the embedded systems is an added advantage for our system. In our case, a RF remote is provided as an interface between the user and the vehicle. The motors are provided with a DRIVING CIRCUIT which is connected to a PIC MICROCONTROLLER BOARD. The Microcontroller board enables DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING by utilizing the TRAIN AND EXECUTE method. Utilizing the ULTRASONIC OBSTACLE DETECTION circuit, the Microcontroller unit programs itself as per the dimensions of a particular house/place. The ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER driven by the COMPARATOR CIRCUIT enable enhanced Obstacle detection. Thus ASTHRA combines upon various features which render effective locomotion to the disabled. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST This is what the world is all about today. Every individual is expected to excel irrespective of his/her disability. ASTHRA is a combination of the automated vehicle and the embedded systems. ASTHRA also provides a platform for the automated locomotion fro the disabled. A Disabled person is one who faces upon the challenge of being not able to perform a particular or a basic function which is rendered upon by a normal individual. Disabled persons are those who are visually impaired, Deaf, Dumb, physically challenged etc. Human life is incomplete without locomotion. The main aim of ASTHRA is to provide an interface between the patients and their locomotion to the desired place especially in the hospitals. The added concept of the embedded web servers also makes effective communication between the hospital record system containing the details of the patients records regarding their modes of treatments Utilizing a suitable decision making device such as a MICROCONTROLLER, we render effective and AUTOMATED locomotion. A MICROCONTROLLER can be regarded as a COMPUTER-ON a CHIP. Such a microcontroller can be utilized for DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING, wherein the microcontroller unit programs itself utilizing the TRAIN AND EXECUTE mode. Hence by utilizing this Dynamic memory mapping technique we can think of building up Vehicles which can be AUTOMATED as well as ADJUSTABLE to a particular scenario/environment. This idea of building automated vehicles combined with embedded systems for the disabled would revolutionize the existing scenario of manual wheel chair movement which makes a patient to be DEPENDENT on someone to enable him carry out his locomotion. EXISTING SCENARIOS Manual wheel chairs and stretchers are provided today for the in-patients and physically handicapped. These chairs are the special mechanical entities fitted upon with side wheels along with several holders which enable movement from one place to another. The primary disadvantage in this mechanism is the NEED TO BE DEPENDENT on others for locomotion. Also this system is MANUAL, ie it operates completely by human operation. To sum up the project the servers and the entire locomotive unit provides transportation as well as transfer of necessary information. It should be noted that the mechanism of transferring the information regarding the status of the patient while taking him/her from the ward to the ICU or the Operation theatre automatically is extremely appreciable. The disadvantage of the traditional medical transportation facilities are: It isnt DYNAMIC. There is no mechanism to detect OBSTACLES. The patient needs to be highly alert regarding the obstacles The wheel chair cannot reach onto the patient every time. No kind of information could be passed from the existing system. The disadvantages proposed here are successfully overcome in our PROPOSED system. PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF ASTHRA The above diagram is a brief outline of the entire system. The specifications are as follows. DCM These are high power DC Motors which are utilized to render necessary power to carry on / support the patients weight. These are fitted on the hub of the robotic vehicles wheels and they enable to control the motion of the Vehicle. The movement of the vehicle based on the motor is enunciated below: STATE OF THE RIGHT MOTOR STATE OF THE LEFT MOTOR DIRECTION OF MOTION ON OFF MOVES RIGHT OFF ON MOVES LEFT ON ON MOVES STRAIGHT OFF OFF STOPS Table1 Vehicle Movement table MDC This stands for the Motor Driving Circuit. It is connected to the MEMORY MANAGEMENT UNIT. Based on the control rendered by the Memory management unit, the MDC drives the motor which controls the movement of the vehicles wheels. RF MODULE This stands for the Radio Frequency Receiver Module which is used to summon the vehicle to a particular place. The patient is provided with an RF remote by which he can summon the chair to any place OBST DRV This stands for the Obstacle detection drivers which detect obstacles on the way. Ultrasonic Receivers and Transmitters are fitted upon the Obstacle detection device which detects Obstacles on the way. A Buzzer is also fitted to this circuit which beeps when an obstacle is encountered. This Obstacle Driving circuit is run by a COMPARATOR circuit which responds to obstacles. MMU The heart of the system is the Memory management Unit, which consists of a PIC MICROCONTROLLER. It enables DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING which enables the vehicle to be AUTOMATED. The MMU controls the other circuits connected. It can be regarded as the centralized system of the Vehicle. EWS (Embedded web server) -The central function unit to get access on an embedded system via Web browser is the Web server. This is used to send the information through the inter-network it maintains for future use. DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING Memory Mapping is nothing but PROGRAMMING your Microcontroller unit to perform the necessary tasks. DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING enables a microcontroller unit to program itself according to the present scenario. It uses a technique namely, TRAIN AND EXECUTE. This enables the device to program itself based on the situation. This is utilized to determine the end points of the room. Suppose the vehicle reaches to the wall of the room and is unable to move forward, if u hit upon the TRAIN circuit the device automatically adjusts its path and traces to the door. Now it stores the exact co-ordinate values onto its memory and traces the path correctly. This is called as DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING TECHNIQUE. There is another schema called as STATIC MEMORY MAPPING. In this schema the microcontroller unit is programmed beforehand. The exact positions of the door, co-ordinates of the house are fixed. The vehicle automatically moves based on the patients wish. But if the place is changed we need to REPROGRAM the microcontroller. So in order to overcome this difficulty we normally prefer DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING. SWITCHING CIRCUIT The Switching Circuit consists of a series of Switches which enable the Vehicle to move based on the patients opinion. These are directly coupled to the MMU which in turn drives the motor and the entire Vehicle. When the patient enters in a particular choice, the appropriate action is performed. Thus when the appropriate switch is pressed upon the adequate movement to the corresponding section is enunciated. Also the main purpose of ASTHRA is the ability of transferring of information such as Blood pulse rate Heart beat count Blood pressure Body temperature The entire above are captured using robotic medical tools which contain suitable sensors detecting any change from the pre-stored values and sends them to the system which controls it. The main capability of this robotic vehicle is moving from room to the room with just the control of the rf remote. The embedded web server is utilized for the sole purpose of passing message to the internet which is maintained by itself and can be checked for future references. Also the development of softwares and the implementation of hi-fi robots will ensure that automatic causality treatment may be given to the patients without the help of trained professionals. RF LINK The RF Link mainly consists of two components. The RF Transmitter The RF Receiver The RF Transmitter is made onto a Remote Control and rendered to the patient. This can be utilized to summon the vehicle to any given place. The RF Receiver present at the Vehicle responds to the RF Transmitter remote and follows the Radio Frequency Link path to reach onto the Remote(RF Transmitter) The signal given from the RF remote instructs the robotic vehicle to arrive at the suitable place needed. This might be a disadvantage as he range of this remote will be lesser, even though the vehicle will have station points in each room. DIAGRAM The overall block diagram of the automated vehicle is shown. The remote control is in the hand of the patient and he can summon the vehicle. This remote transmits a RF signal which is received by the RF receiver in the automated Vehicle. Based on the signal received the PIC is programmed to move the wheel chair to the user. The movement of the Vehicle to the person is based on the program embedded in it. The vehicle consist of the ULTRASONIC sensor circuit which is driven by the comparator circuit ( COMP CKT ) as shown in the figure. This detects the obstacle and stops the wheel chair from getting hit. It produces a sound when there is an obstacle. Depending on the memory map in the PIC the driver H bridge IC drives the DC motor circuit. This DC motor is connected to the hub of the wheel. Using the SWITCHING CIRCUIT the MMU moves the Vehicle in the appropriate direction. The EMBEDDED WEB SERVER circuitry enables to transfer informations onto a centaralized Web page/Web server. The above diagram shows the brief outline of the movement of the vehicle. Embedded web servers The most important feature of this project is the Embedded Web Servers. The need for using Web Servers is to transfer necessary information about the patients even during the process of transferring the patient from one room to other. The embedded Internet integration for remote maintenance and diagnostic as well as the so-called M2M communication is growing with a considerable speed rate. Just the remote maintenance and diagnostic of components and systems by Web browsers via the Internet, or a local Intranet has a very high weight for many development projects. Innumerous development departments people work on completely Web based configurations and services for embedded systems. The remaining days of the classic user interface made by a small LC-display with front panel and a few function keys are over. Through future evolutions in the field of the mobile Internet, Bluetooth-based PANs (Personal Area Networks) and the rapidly growing M2M communication (M2M=Machine-to-Machine) a fu rther innovating advance is to be expected. The central function unit to get access on an embedded system via Web browser is the Web server. For example consider a patient being transferred from the normal ward to the ICU or the OP the ward boy or the patients relatives can press the RF remote. The robotic vehicle would come to that place. If the normal heart beat rate is 72 beats per min and if ASTHRA detects it to be some 45 beats per min (all these happening in the due course of motion) it may be seen that ASTHRA would inform or send information using the embedded web servers. The doctors would adapt to the situation suitably and be prepared before the patient reaches the destination. key advantages OF THE PROJECT The key advantages of the project include DYNAMIC MEMORY MAPPING TECHNIQUE which enables the vehicle to adjust to any location The ability to SUMMON the vehicle to any given place. The patient can be INDEPENDENT without being DEPENDENT on others for his movement. Efficient Obstacle detection performance due to the presence of ULTRASONIC transmitter/receiver. Efficient communication between the web servers and the High power Pull-up ability is established due to the presence of two High power motors. Easy circuitry wherein the MMU acts as the Central Control unit of the vehicle. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS The following are the future enhancements which we have planned, In the present project, the origin of the vehicle, ie the place from which it has to start is predetermined. In our next venture, we would like to include upon ORIGIN FINDING ALGORITHMS which would dynamically fix upon its origin. So each day the vehicle can start from different unique locations. Rapid construction of the human activity observation system at low cost is necessary with respect to research into human activities and commercialization. The use of the omni directional ultrasonic sensors is also optimum. The reason for the above is as follows, the omni directional ultrasonic location sensor is useful because the number of sensors to be attached can be reduced. We have also planned to introduced GPS to make our system far amore efficient Also we have planned to increase the efficiency of the system by using VLSI and other mechanisms in our future endeavors. CONCLUSION The automated vehicle is aimed towards the welfare of the disabled. Even though various technologies have been introduces off late, a few alone are aimed towards locomotion. ASTHRA being a venture which is fully based on locomotion fulfills this requirement by rendering an efficient mechanism of locomotion for the disabled. Locomotion which is the essential function for any individual is also made available to the Disabled by the use of ASTHRA. ASTHRA goes on to the supreme level of fulfilling the dreams of the disabled thereby bring them close to the common man. Also ASTHRA eradicates the necessity for the disabled to be dependent on others, thereby making them INDEPENDENT. The complete automated feature of ASTHRA makes it possible to handle it upon any given place under any given circumstances. The dynamic memory mapping feature portrays upon its Self sufficiency and the ability to adjust itself to any given environment. The EMBEDDED WEB SERVERS concept further acts as a feather in the crown of ASTHRA. This concept enables the doctors to get fast access regarding the patients. In todays fast and ever-changing world, the quality of services rendered is becoming highly important. ASTHRA caters to this need in a highly effective manner. Also it is 100% user friendly which can be rendered from the fact that it can be summoned to any given place. To help others is to help God himself is a well known saying. Hence by developing ASTHRA we feel that we can help a couple of disabled people thereby rendering a small piece of contribution to both the Society and the Country. Being Students of Technology we strongly feel that ASTHRA would be a landmark of both Technological as well as Social excellence .If our project could help the disabled and render a peaceful life to them, then the success of our project would have been achieved.